|
The ''Ten Bodhisattva Bhūmi'' (Sanskrit; Tibetan "byang chub sems dpa'i sa", ''enlightenment-being grounds/levels'') are the ten stages on the Mahayana bodhisattva's path of awakening. The Sanskrit term ''bhūmi'' literally means "ground" or "foundation". Each stage represents a level of attainment, and serves as a basis for the next one. Each level marks a definite advancement in one's training, that is accompanied by progressively greater power and wisdom. ==Five Paths== The bhūmis are subcategories of the Five Paths (''pañcamārga'', Wylie Tibetan ''lam lnga''):〔(Losangsamten, ''Introduction to the Buddhist Path'' )〕 #The path of accumulation (''saṃbhāra-mārga'', Wylie Tibetan: ''tshogs lam''). Persons on this Path: ## Possess a strong desire to overcome suffering, either their own or others; ## Renounce the worldly life.〔 #The path of preparation or application (''prayoga-mārga'', Wylie Tibetan: ''sbyor lam''). Persons on this Path: ## Start practicing meditation; ## Have analytical knowledge of emptiness.〔 #The path of seeing (''darśana-mārga'', Wylie Tibetan: ''mthong lam''). Persons on this Path: ## Practice profound concentration meditation on the nature of reality; ## Realize the emptiness of reality.〔 #The path of meditation (''bhāvanā-mārga'', Wylie Tibetan: ''sgom lam''). Persons on this path purify themselves and accumulate wisdom.〔 #The path of no more learning or consummation (''aśaikṣā-mārga'', Wylie Tibetan: ''mi slob pa’i lam'' or ''thar phyin pa'i lam''). Persons on this Path have completely purified themselves.〔 Passage through the grounds and paths begins with Bodhicitta, the wish to liberate all sentient beings. ''Aspiring Bodhicitta'' becomes ''Engaging Bodhicitta'' upon actual commitment to the Bodhisattva vows. With these steps, the practitioner becomes a Bodhisattva, and enters upon the paths. Before attaining the ten grounds, the bodhisattva traverses the first two of the five Mahayana paths: #The path of accumulation #The path of preparation The ten grounds of the bodhisattva are grouped within the three subsequent paths: #Bhūmi 1: The path of seeing #Bhūmi 2-7: The path of meditation #Bhūmi 8-10: The path of no more learning In Hua-yen Buddhism there are some 40 previous stages before the first bhumi: * 10 faiths * 10 abodes * 10 practices * 10 merit-transferences In Tientai Buddhism the practitioner of the so-called "perfect teaching" is equal in attainment to arhats by just the 4th faith. Mahayana literature often features an enumeration of "two obstructions" (Wylie: ''sgrib gnyis''): # The "obstructions of delusive emotions" (Sanskrit: ''kleśa-varaṇa'', Wylie: ''nyon-mongs-pa'i sgrib-ma'') # The "obstructions to knowledge" (Sanskrit: ''jñeyāvaraṇa'', Wylie: ''shes-bya'i sgrib-ma'').〔Dorje, Jikdrel Yeshe (Dudjom Rinpoche, author), translated and edited: Gyurme Dorje and Matthew Kapstein (1991). ''The Nyingma School of Tibetan Buddhism: Its Fundamentals and History''. Boston, USA: Wisdom Publications. ISBN 0-86171-199-8, p. 107(Enumerations).〕 The obstruction of delusive emotions is overcome at the attainment of the path of seeing, and the obstructions to knowledge are overcome over the course of the path of meditation. This is not a statement agreed upon by all Buddhist schools, e.g. Korean Son's Kihwa states that the obstructions to knowledge are overcome by the 10th bhumi. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Bhūmi (Buddhism)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|